Winter War 1939-1940

The main reason for Winter War between Finland and the Soviet Union was Josif Stalin´s will to make Finland a part of the Soviet Union. Winter War began in November 1939, when the Red Army of the Soviet Union attacked Finland.

There were no field battles in the Nurmes area during the World War II, but the town went through heavy air strikes. Dozens of people lost their lives, and many buildings were destroyed. One of the reasons of bombings was an important railway from south to the north in Nurmes.

 

Because Nurmes was situated so close to the Russian border, most of the town`s civil people were evacuated to the western Finland to Pohjanmaa. For example, 12 years old girl Toini Okkonen and 10 years old girl Sirkka Partanen had to leave their homes. When the Winter War was over, Okkonen, Partanen and other residents of Nurmes came back to their home places. Today they both still live in Nurmes. Okkonen is almost 96 years old and Partanen 94 years.

Many soldiers from Nurmes fought in the frontline in Lieksa about 50 kilometers from Nurmes to east. One of these soldiers was 45 years old lieutenant Esa Kauppinen (1894-1973). He was the headmaster of Nurmes high school. 15 years old Ahti Okkonen was a voluntary in Nurmes civil guard. He`s job was to take the enlistment orders to local men. Now Okkonen is 98 years old. He has talked about the war times:” It was difficult mission for me, and it was difficult situation also for them, because you never knew who would come back from the war”.

In the Winter War Finnish army stopped the attack of the Soviet Union. The war came to an end in March 1940. Finland lost about 10 % of its’s area, mainly parts of Karelia, but Finland was still independent, and the Red Army failed to occupy Finland. This was quite surprising because the population of Finland was about 4 million and the population of the Soviet Union was about 180 million people. One of the last victims of the Winter War was 30 years old lieutenant Job Kolehmainen from Nurmes. He was killed in the frontline the same day that peace came.

 

Continuation War 1941–1944

After the winter war Finland was afraid of a new attack from the Soviet Union. That was the reason why Finland started to co-operate with Hitler’s Germany in 1940 – 1941. Finland hoped that Germany would support Finland if the Soviet Union would try to attack again. In turn Hitler wanted that Finnish army would become part of the operation Barbarossa, Germany`s attack to the Soviet Union.

In June 1941 the soviet army attacked Finland again. So called Continuation War between Russia and Finland started. After the soviet air attacks, marshal Mannerheim, the supreme commander of the Finnish army ordered, that all the areas lost in the Winter War Finland should be taken back.  Finland also occupied East Karelia that was outside Finland’s old borders.

In the Continuation War, the frontline was quite far away from Nurmes, about 200 kilometers to east. However, in Nurmes they also prepared to defend the town and whole of Finland. Fortification structures in Nurmes were a part of the Salpa Line, that was Finland’s most important defense line. It was about 1200-kilometer-long defense line from the Baltic Sea to the Arctic Sea. There were never battles in the Salpa Line, but it was Finland`s last protection and also Stalin knew that.

Many soldiers from Nurmes and Valtimo fought in the Eastern Karelia. One of those was Mauri Kuvaja (1923-2019). He has said that” the war was cruel”. During the Continuation war civils in Nurmes were not evacuated. Inhabitants were afraid of the Soviet partisans, which attacked against civilians. For example, Toini Okkonen remembered how she faced partisans face to face. Sirkka Partanen experienced attack of the Soviet air forces at the begin of the Continuation War. The attack happened close to the current Bomba-house when she was swimming with her sister.

Home front supported Finland’s fight in many ways. Toini Okkonen belonged to the women’s voluntary civil defense organization called Lotta Svärd. Those voluntary women took part for example to the air surveillance, medical care, communication, and catering. Toini Okkonen also knit mittens for soldiers. Also Sirkka Partanen belonged Lotta Svärd -organisation. She was working in the air surveillance in 1943 and 1944.

In the summer of 1944, couple days after the landing of Normandy, Stalin decided to break Finland`s resistance. He ordered a massive attack against Finland. Finland`s army had to retreat quickly. Finland’s president Risto Ryti asked help from Hitler. Hitler promised to help if Finland would continue to fight with Germany. Ryti sent a letter to Hitler at his own name and promised that Finland would not make peace with the Soviet Union. Hitler sent Germany`s Luftwaffe and other weapons, for Panzerschrecks, to Finland. With the help from Germany Finland managed to stop soviet invasion in the Karelia area. After that, president Ryti leaved his office and new president Mannerheim stopped the co-operation with Germany. Stalin agreed to armistice. Finland`s army never surrendered, and the Soviet Union never managed to occupy Finland.

 

Lapland War 1944–1945

After the Continuation War the Soviet Union demanded, that Finland had to drive away Germany’s soldiers From the North Finland. Germany`s army would have left in any case but that was not good enough for Stalin. He demanded that Finland had to start a war against Germany. Lapland’s War began in September 1944. One of the soldiers that took part to the war was Ahti Okkonen from Nurmes. He participated the landing of Tornio. He remembered: “It was really trip, because the Luftwaffe tried to sink our ship.” The Lapland’s war came to an end in the April of 1945, when the last Germans were driven away from Finland to Norway.

After the wars

The World War II was very heavy to Finland. But Finland managed to maintain its’ independence and remained as a democratic state. Finland was the only country fighting against the Soviet Union that was never occupied.

About 90 000 finish soldiers died in the wars of 1939-1945 and a couple of thousand civilians lost their lives. About 200 soldiers from Nurmes were killed. Over 400 000 Karelians lost their homes and were re-settled to the other parts of the country, also to Nurmes ja Valtimo.

After the war many people in Finland were afraid of a new war and were hiding weapons just in case. For example, the headmaster of Nurmes high school, Esa Kauppinen was one of those who participated in hiding weapons if the Soviet Union would try to occupy Finland after the war. This was a violation against the peace treatment and Kauppinen and many other patriots had to go to prison. Kauppinen was leading his school some time from the prison. Jouko Salonen (1928-2021), the headmaster of Nurmes high school from the 1950`s to the 1980`s was a successor of Esa Kauppinen. Salonen was a voluntary in the anti-aircraft in summer 1944 when he was only 15 years old. In 2019 he said: “If Finland`s independent is endangered in the future, the only choice is to defend like in 1939-1945.”

Mikko Rautiainen

Linnoitettu Nurmes 1940-1944

Talvisodan jälkeiset aluemenetykset käynnistivät Suomen edelleen kaikkien aikojen suurimman rakennushankkeen. Uusi itäraja oli vailla linnoitteita ja suojaton. Suomessa myös pelättiin uutta sotaa NL:n taholta. Salpa-asemaksi nimetyn uuden puolustuslinjan rakentaminen alkoi kesällä 1940. Lopputuloksena oli Itämereltä Jäämerelle ulottuva 1200 kilometriä pitkä linnoitusketju.

Salpalinjalle valmistui mm. teräsbetonikorsuja, taisteluhautoja ja panssariesteitä. Pohjois-Karjalan suurimmat linnoitteet valmistuivat Joensuun Marjalaan, Höytiäisen kanavan länsipuolelle sekä Jaamankankaalle, Höytiäisen ja Pielisjoen väliin. Vain strategisesti tärkeimmät kohteet linnoitettiin ja suurelta osin turvauduttiin vesistöesteisiin, kuten Saimaaseen ja Pieliseen.

Nurmeksessa pääasema suunniteltiin kulkemaan Porokylän ja Ylikylän kautta. Näkyvimmät linnoitteet  kaupunkialueella ovat Akkosalmessa, Porokylän hautausmaan takaosassa sekä Lapinsärkän läheisyydessä. Salpalinjalle oli suuremmat suunnitelmat myös Nurmeksen osalta, mutta työt katkesivat jatkosodan alkamiseen kesällä 1941. Esimerkiksi suunniteltuja teräsbetonikorsuja ei koskaan valmistunut. Taisteluhautojen ja  muiden kenttälinnoitteiden rakentamisesta vastasi 10.Prikaatin III pataljoona, jonka apuna oli myös Nurmekseen vuonna 1940 perustetun varuskunnan varusmiehiä. Panssarikiviesteet rakensivat puolestaan siviilirakentajat. Nurmeksessa työskenteli työpiirin 420 alaisuudessa toimiva työryhmä 425.

Linnoittamisella varauduttiin taisteluun Nurmeksen omistuksesta, jos asiat olisivat menneet toisin. Akkosalmen linnoitteet olivat pääaseman eteen työnnetty tukikohta, jossa mahdollisesti olisi käyty ensimmäiset taistelut vesistöjen suojaaman kaupungin omistuksesta ja pyritty pitämään vihollinen salmen itäpuolella.

Porokylän hautausmaan takaosasta löytyy puolestaan jyhkeät panssariestekivet, salpalinjan tunnusmerkki. Osa kivistä on sotien jälkeen siirretty reunustamaan hautausmaata. Paikoillaan olevat panssariesteet ovat osa Nurmeksen salpalinjan pääasemaa, Haapalahden-Vinkerlahden kapeikossa. Tässä vaiheessa Nurmeksen kauppala olisi jo menetetty, mutta tälle tasalle neuvostojoukot olisi pitänyt viimeistään pysäyttää, muutoin tiet eri puolille Suomea olisivat olleet tällä suunnalla auki.

Yläkarjalaiset ja muut suomalaiset pitivät sodan alussa saavuttamansa asemat kaukana Itä-Karjalassa Rukajärvensuunnalla sodan loppuun saakka, itärintaman ainoana osana Mustanmeren ja Jäämeren välillä, eikä sota edennyt Nurmekseen saakka.

Myös muilla rintamilla NL:n hyökkäykset pysäytettiin nykyisten rajojen itäpuolelle, eikä Salpalinjan millään osilla koskaan taisteltu. Rakentaminen ei kuitenkaan ollut turhaa. Salpalinja muodosti Suomen puolustukselle fyysisen ja henkisen selkänojan kesällä 1944. Oli vielä yksi linja, jossa taistelua voitaisiin jatkaa. Tämän tiesi myös Neuvostoliitto.

Mikko Rautiainen

 

Lähde: Matka Salpalinjalle (toim. Armi Oinonen, Arvo Tolmunen 2005), kirjoittajana Pohjois-Karjalan osalta Kimmo Salo.